The Order of the White Eagle was among the most important orders of the Russian Empire, following the Orders of St. Alexander Nevsky and St. Vladimir in order of precedence. Originally instituted in 1325, it was reestablished in Poland in 1704 or 1705. Following the partition of Poland, Russian tsars began to award it to Polish citizens. In 1831 it was fully incorporated into the Russian award system as the renamed Imperial and Royal Order of the White Eagle. The badge was modified at this time with the Polish white eagle superimposed on the black eagle of Russia. it was adopted by the Russian Empire after 1831. The insignia was modified and the original Red Cross and Polish White Eagle were superimposed on the crowned Russian Imperial double-headed eagle. On the order and its insignia, see Ulla Tillander-Godenhielm, The Russian Imperial Award System (Helsinki, 2005), pp. 126–129; L. M. Grivova, ed., Polza. Chest. Slava. Nagrady Rossii, Moscow: Khudozhnik i kniga, 2004, pp. 177–183; and, V. A. Durov, Ordena Rossii=The Orders of Russia, Moscow, 1993, pp. 132–135.